CSS 2021 Governance & Public Policies Paper

Public policy changes occur through two primary mechanisms: substantial disruption and incrementalism. Explain how these disparate processes create policy change and the role of institutions in both. Are institutions endogenous or exogenous to policy changes?

Various scholars attend to the interaction between politics and markets to explain the way welfare states undertake social provisions, including providing for education (aka 'human capital acquisition'). Take two or more such analyses and explain how political and market-based approaches help us understand how social policies develop.

Explain the concept of Pareto efficiency and the Kaldor-Hicks compensation principle. Discuss their significance to rational policy analysis and cost/benefit analysis in the context of public policy.

How do problems become part of the public policy agenda? Discuss the influence of interest groups and ethical considerations on the policymaking agenda in Pakistan.